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Endocrinology

Thyroid Disorders

The thyroid gland governs metabolic rate, energy production, heart rhythm and temperature balance. Under- or over-activity, inflammation, or nodules and tumours affect the whole body.

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ℹWhat is Thyroid Disorders?

The butterfly-shaped thyroid gland at the front of the neck is one of the most important endocrine organs. It governs metabolic rate, energy production, heart rhythm, temperature balance and growth. Under- or over-activity, inflammation, or nodules and tumours within the gland affect every body system.

At eKonsey, our Multidisciplinary Thyroid Council of experienced doctors in endocrinology, general surgery, nuclear medicine, pathology and medical oncology offers a medical opinion on complex thyroid cases.

A council decision brings together endocrinology, general surgery, pathology, interventional radiology and nuclear medicine, so the opinion reflects the patient's condition and expectations rather than a single doctor's view.

Common Symptoms

Signs of Graves' disease
Palpitations, a fine tremor of the hands, excessive sweating, heat intolerance, tiring easily, irritability, sleep disturbance, unintended weight loss, and eyes that look enlarged or bulge forward (Graves' orbitopathy).
Signs of hypothyroidism
Weakness, fatigue, dry skin, hair loss, weight gain and difficulty losing weight, cold intolerance, constipation, poor concentration and a low mood.
Signs of thyroiditis
Severe pain at the front of the neck that can radiate to the ears and jaw, pain on swallowing, palpitations during a temporary hyperthyroid phase, then signs of temporary hypothyroidism.
Findings used to diagnose thyroid cancer
Suspicious ultrasound features (TIRADS category), fine-needle aspiration biopsy results (Bethesda classification) and a raised calcitonin.

Causes

Graves' Disease (Toxic Goitre / Hyperthyroidism)
The immune system mistakenly produces antibodies (TRAb) that stimulate the thyroid, so the gland secretes too much hormone. It is more common in young and middle-aged women. With the eKonsey approach, antithyroid drugs, radioactive iodine or surgery (thyroidectomy) are weighed against the patient's age, eye findings and general health.
Hypothyroidism and Hashimoto's Thyroiditis
The thyroid cannot produce enough thyroid hormone (T3 and T4). The most common cause is Hashimoto's thyroiditis, a chronic autoimmune inflammation in which the body makes antibodies (anti-TPO, anti-Tg) against its own thyroid tissue. With the eKonsey approach, hormone replacement, screening for other autoimmune risks and the symptoms that reduce quality of life are managed together.
Thyroiditis (Inflammation of the Thyroid)
Inflammatory conditions of the thyroid. The most common are painful subacute thyroiditis (de Quervain's), which can follow an upper respiratory infection, and silent thyroiditis, which can appear after childbirth. With the eKonsey approach, non-infectious inflammation is distinguished correctly, unnecessary antibiotics are avoided and supportive anti-inflammatory options are reviewed.
Thyroid Cancers and Suspicious Nodules
Malignant lesions arising within a thyroid nodule or from thyroid tissue. Subtypes include papillary, follicular, medullary and anaplastic thyroid cancer. Caught early, treatment success and survival are high. With the eKonsey approach, general surgery, endocrinology, interventional radiology and pathology review the case together and offer the most suitable medical opinion.

Second opinion for Thyroid Disorders

A second specialist's review of your Thyroid Disorders diagnosis or treatment plan can clarify your next step. On eKonsey this review is done online.

When is a second opinion useful?

  • When the diagnosis is unclear or more than one possibility was discussed
  • When surgery or a long-term treatment was recommended
  • When the response to treatment is not what you expected

About second opinions

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Frequently Asked Questions

Last updated: October 15, 2026

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