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Internal Medicine
Obesity
It is a chronic and complex condition known as the accumulation of excess fat in the body to a level that impairs health.
ℹWhat is Obesity?
Obesity is a highly complex, chronic, and highly recurrent disease defined by excessive and abnormal fat accumulation that can significantly compromise health, moving beyond being merely an aesthetic concern.
In adults, it is generally measured using the Body Mass Index (BMI) calculation. Body Mass Index is calculated by dividing weight by the square of height ($kg/m^2$). If the BMI is 30 or above, the condition is termed Obesity.
Today, obesity has become one of the leading causes of preventable deaths by increasing the risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes, Heart Disease, Stroke, and certain types of Cancer.
Common Symptoms
Shortness of Breath
Getting tired quickly even with light physical activity.
Excessive Sweating
Occurs due to disruption of the body's thermal balance.
Joint and Back Pain
Bone and joint pain due to excessive load on the skeleton, especially the spine, hips, knees, and ankles.
Sleep Apnea
Snoring and cessation of breathing at night, leading to excessive daytime sleepiness.
Skin Problems
Development of moisture, chafing, and infections in the skin folds.
Psychological Issues
Loss of self-confidence and tendency toward depression.
Diagnosis Methods
BMI Calculation
Calculated by dividing weight by the square of height (kg/m²).
Waist Circumference Measurement
In men, 94–102 cm indicates increased risk, over 102 cm high risk; in women, 80–88 cm indicates increased risk, over 88 cm high risk.
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
A scientific method used to determine the body's fat, muscle, water, and bone ratios. It determines the amount of fat and muscle within the total mass, as well as the basal metabolic rate.
Blood Tests
Fasting blood glucose, insulin levels, HOMA-IR, HbA1c, HDL/LDL Cholesterol, Triglycerides, Liver enzymes, Thyroid function, Cortisol, and Leptin.
Treatments
Lifestyle and Nutritional Changes
Calorie restriction (personalized sustainable diet program) and exercise (at least 150–300 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per week).
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists
Semaglutide (Ozempic), Tirzepatide (Mounjaro), Liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda), Dulaglutide (Trulicity).
Fat Absorption Inhibitors
Orlistat—a drug treatment that suppresses fat absorption in the intestines.
Bariatric Surgery
Surgical intervention in cases of advanced obesity where other methods have proven insufficient.