Melanoma

The most aggressive type of skin cancer, characterized by the development from pigment cells in existing moles, a change in a mole's shape, or the appearance of a new dark spot.

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ℹWhat is Melanoma?

A type of skin cancer that occurs due to the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that produce the pigment giving skin its color (these cells are called melanocytes).

Although it is the rarest among skin cancers, it is the most serious and has the highest tendency to spread (metastasize) if not diagnosed early. If detected in the early stages, it is mostly completely treatable. If noticed in the later stages, the risk of metastasis to lymph nodes and other organs increases.

Any mole that is asymmetric, has irregular borders, contains multiple colors, has a diameter over half a centimeter, is gradually growing, itching, or bleeding, and looks different from other moles should be examined carefully.

It is more commonly seen on the back in men and on the legs in women.

Common Symptoms

Asymmetry (A)

One half of the mole does not match the other half.

Border Irregularity (B)

The edges of the mole are irregular, ragged, or notched.

Color Variation (C)

The mole contains multiple colors (such as black, brown, red, blue-gray).

Diameter (D)

Usually, the diameter of the mole is larger than 6 mm (though it can be smaller).

Evolving (E)

There is growth, change in color/shape, itching, bleeding, or crusting.

Easy Bleeding

It may also manifest as non-healing sores, rapid growth, or spots that look different from other moles.

Diagnosis Methods

Dermatoscopy

The suspicious skin lesion is visualized using dermatoscopy with specialized light and magnification.

Biopsy

If necessary, definitive pathological diagnosis is established through an excisional biopsy taken from the lesion.

Treatments

Surgery

In the early stages, surgical removal of the tumorous tissue and, if suspected, lymph node sampling biopsies usually provide sufficient treatment.

Immunotherapy

In advanced stages, immunotherapy agents such as anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 are administered.

Targeted Therapy

"Smart drugs" targeting specific genetic mutations are used.

Chemotherapy

Can be applied in cases where other treatment options are insufficient.

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