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Ear Nose Throat
Laryngeal Cancer
Laryngeal cancer develops from the uncontrolled proliferation of squamous epithelial cells in the larynx, which is located just above the windpipe and houses the vocal cords and the epiglottis. The most significant risk factor is smoking.
ℹWhat is Laryngeal Cancer?
The larynx is a critical organ for both respiratory and speech functions. More than 90% of cases are diagnosed as Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC).
The region where the cancer starts determines the treatment: the Glottic Region (vocal cords) is the most common; the Supraglottic Region (above the vocal cords) has rapid lymphatic spread; and the Subglottic Region (below the vocal cords) is the rarest type. When tobacco and alcohol are used together, the risk increases exponentially.
Common Symptoms
Hoarseness
The most common symptom, appearing at an early stage, especially in glottic region cancers.
Difficulty Swallowing
Pain during swallowing and a sensation of something stuck in the throat.
Sore Throat
May be accompanied by ear pain (referred otalgia).
Shortness of Breath
Airway narrowing in advanced stages.
Stridor
Whistling or harsh sound during breathing. An emergency sign indicating severe narrowing of the airway.
Mass in the Neck
Indicative of lymph node metastasis.
Diagnosis Methods
Physical Examination
Examination of the throat and neck, inspection with a mirror and light, and evaluation of lymph nodes.
Laryngoscopy
Evaluation of the larynx for abnormal areas.
Biopsy
Tissue sampling during laryngoscopy or endoscopy.
CT, MRI and PET-CT
Evaluates spread to surrounding tissues, cartilage, or lymph nodes.
Treatments
Laser Surgery (TLM)
Removal of the tumor with a laser through the mouth in early-stage vocal cord cancers.
Robotic Surgery (TORS)
Precise technique particularly effective for supraglottic tumors.
Partial Laryngectomy
Removal of only the cancerous part of the larynx, breathing and speech are preserved.
Total Laryngectomy
Removal of the entire larynx in advanced-stage cases. Breathing is provided via a stoma, and voice is provided through prosthetics or specialized methods.
Radiotherapy
Can be as effective as surgery in early stages. Used with chemotherapy for "organ preservation" in advanced stages.
Chemotherapy
Used to increase the effectiveness of radiotherapy. Cisplatin, 5-FU, and Docetaxel are the most preferred agents.
Immunotherapy
Nivolumab and Pembrolizumab are used in metastatic or recurrent cases.